Cause of security vulnerabilities, the possibility of being exploited, the degree of harm and the difficulty to solve.
1. Input Validation and Representation
Input validation and representation problems are usually caused by special characters, encodings, and numerical representations. Such problems occur as a result of input trust. These problems include: buffer overflow, cross-site scripting, SQL injection, command injection and so on.
2. API Abuse
The API is a convention between the caller and the callee, and most API abuses are caused by the caller not understanding the purpose of the convention. Security problems can also arise when the API is not used properly.
3. Security Features
This category contains vulnerabilities in authentication, access control, confidentiality, password usage, and privilege management.
4. Memory Management
Memory management is a common type of vulnerability associated with memory operations, including memory leaks, post-release use, double-release and so on. This type of vulnerability usually leads to system performance degradation, program crashes and a common type of flaws in C / C + + language.
5. Time and State
Distributed computing is time and state dependent. The interaction between threads and processes and the order in which tasks are executed are often determined by shared state, such as semaphores, variables, file systems and so on. The vulnerabilities associated with distributed computing include race conditions, blocking misuse and so on.
6. Error and Exception Handling Errors
This type of vulnerability is related to error and exception handling, and the most common type of vulnerability is that there is no proper processing mechanism (or errors are not processed), resulting in unexpected termination of program. Another vulnerability is that the error generated provides potential attacker with too much information.
7. Code Quality
Poor code quality can lead to unpredictable behavior. For the attacker, the poor code enables them to threaten the system in unexpected ways. Common types of vulnerabilities include dead code, null pointer dereferences and resource leak.
8. Encapsulation and hidden defects
Reasonable encapsulation means that the distinction between verified and unverified data, distinction between data of different users, or distinguish data that is visible or invisible to users. Common vulnerabilities include hidden fields, information leakage, cross-site request forgery and so on.
9. Flaws in Code Runtime Environment
These types of vulnerability is external to the source code, such as runtime configuration issues, sensitive information management issues and so on, which are critical to the product security.
The first eight types of vulnerabilities are related to security flaws in the source code. They can be the target of malicious attacks. Once exploited, they can cause serious consequences such as information leak, authorization lift and command execution. The last type of vulnerability describes security concerns that are external to the actual code. They are likely to cause abnormal operation of the software, data loss and other serious problems. (http://www.bikaifa.com)
10. With the advances of Quantum Computer technology there is more and more concern about the obsolete soon to be of current cryptographic security algorithms. A quantum computer will be able to break keys in matter of days. Hackers are already preparing to gain that calculus power and even today they secure certificates and keys. In danger of that Quantum era is also the actual Blockchains, in which the keys use the same technology of todays.